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320 lines
13 KiB
320 lines
13 KiB
3 years ago
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# Overview
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This is a python interface to the [Semtech SX1276/7/8/9](http://www.semtech.com/wireless-rf/rf-transceivers/)
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long range, low power transceiver family.
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The SX127x have both LoRa and FSK capabilities. Here the focus lies on the
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LoRa spread spectrum modulation hence only the LoRa modem interface is implemented so far
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(but see the [roadmap](#roadmap) below for future plans).
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Spread spectrum modulation has a number of intriguing features:
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* High interference immunity
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* Up to 20dBm link budget advantage (for the SX1276/7/8/9)
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* High Doppler shift immunity
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More information about LoRa can be found on the [LoRa Alliance website](https://lora-alliance.org).
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Links to some LoRa performance reports can be found in the [references](#references) section below.
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# Motivation
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Transceiver modules are usually interfaced with microcontroller boards such as the
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Arduino and there are already many fine C/C++ libraries for the SX127x family available on
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[github](https://github.com/search?q=sx127x) and [mbed.org](https://developer.mbed.org/search/?q=sx127x).
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Although C/C++ is the de facto standard for development on microcontrollers, [python](https://www.python.org)
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running on a Raspberry Pi (NanoPi, BananaPi, UDOO Neo, BeagleBoard, etc. etc.) is becoming a viable alternative for rapid prototyping.
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High level programming languages like python require a full-blown OS such as Linux. (There are some exceptions like
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[MicroPython](https://micropython.org) and its fork [CircuitPython](https://www.adafruit.com/circuitpython).)
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But using hardware capable of running Linux contradicts, to some extent, the low power specification of the SX127x family.
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Therefore it is clear that this approach aims mostly at prototyping and technology testing.
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Prototyping on a full-blown OS using high level programming languages has several clear advantages:
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* Working prototypes can be built quickly
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* Technology testing ist faster
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* Proof of concept is easier to achieve
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* The application development phase is reached quicker
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# Hardware
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The transceiver module is a SX1276 based Modtronix [inAir9B](http://modtronix.com/inair9.html).
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It is mounted on a prototyping board to a Raspberry Pi rev 2 model B.
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| Proto board pin | RaspPi GPIO | Direction |
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|:----------------|:-----------:|:---------:|
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| inAir9B DIO0 | GPIO 22 | IN |
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| inAir9B DIO1 | GPIO 23 | IN |
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| inAir9B DIO2 | GPIO 24 | IN |
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| inAir9B DIO3 | GPIO 25 | IN |
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| inAir9b Reset | GPIO ? | OUT |
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| LED | GPIO 18 | OUT |
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| Switch | GPIO 4 | IN |
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Todo:
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- [ ] Add picture(s)
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- [ ] Wire the SX127x reset to a GPIO?
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# Code Examples
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### Overview
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First import the modules
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```python
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from SX127x.LoRa import *
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from SX127x.board_config import BOARD
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```
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then set up the board GPIOs
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```python
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BOARD.setup()
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```
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The LoRa object is instantiated and put into the standby mode
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```python
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lora = LoRa()
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lora.set_mode(MODE.STDBY)
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```
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Registers are queried like so:
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```python
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print lora.version() # this prints the sx127x chip version
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print lora.get_freq() # this prints the frequency setting
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```
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and setting registers is easy, too
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```python
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lora.set_freq(433.0) # Set the frequency to 433 MHz
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```
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In applications the `LoRa` class should be subclassed while overriding one or more of the callback functions that
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are invoked on successful RX or TX operations, for example.
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```python
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class MyLoRa(LoRa):
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def __init__(self, verbose=False):
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super(MyLoRa, self).__init__(verbose)
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# setup registers etc.
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def on_rx_done(self):
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payload = self.read_payload(nocheck=True)
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# etc.
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```
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In the end the resources should be freed properly
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```python
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BOARD.teardown()
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```
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### More details
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Most functions of `SX127x.Lora` are setter and getter functions. For example, the setter and getter for
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the coding rate are demonstrated here
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```python
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print lora.get_coding_rate() # print the current coding rate
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lora.set_coding_rate(CODING_RATE.CR4_6) # set it to CR4_6
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```
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@todo
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# Installation
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Make sure SPI is activated on you RaspberryPi: [SPI](https://www.raspberrypi.org/documentation/hardware/raspberrypi/spi/README.md)
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**pySX127x** requires these two python packages:
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* [RPi.GPIO](https://pypi.python.org/pypi/RPi.GPIO") for accessing the GPIOs, it should be already installed on
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a standard Raspian Linux image
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* [spidev](https://pypi.python.org/pypi/spidev) for controlling SPI
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In order to install spidev download the source code and run setup.py manually:
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```bash
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wget https://pypi.python.org/packages/source/s/spidev/spidev-3.1.tar.gz
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tar xfvz spidev-3.1.tar.gz
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cd spidev-3.1
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sudo python setup.py install
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```
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At this point you may want to confirm that the unit tests pass. See the section [Tests](#tests) below.
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You can now run the scripts. For example dump the registers with `lora_util.py`:
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```bash
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rasp$ sudo ./lora_util.py
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SX127x LoRa registers:
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mode SLEEP
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freq 434.000000 MHz
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coding_rate CR4_5
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bw BW125
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spreading_factor 128 chips/symb
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implicit_hdr_mode OFF
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... and so on ....
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```
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# Class Reference
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The interface to the SX127x LoRa modem is implemented in the class `SX127x.LoRa.LoRa`.
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The most important modem configuration parameters are:
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| Function | Description |
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|------------------|---------------------------------------------|
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| set_mode | Change OpMode, use the constants.MODE class |
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| set_freq | Set the frequency |
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| set_bw | Set the bandwidth 7.8kHz ... 500kHz |
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| set_coding_rate | Set the coding rate 4/5, 4/6, 4/7, 4/8 |
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| @todo | |
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Most set_* functions have a mirror get_* function, but beware that the getter return types do not necessarily match
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the setter input types.
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### Register naming convention
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The register addresses are defined in class `SX127x.constants.REG` and we use a specific naming convention which
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is best illustrated by a few examples:
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| Register | Modem | Semtech doc. | pySX127x |
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|----------|-------|-------------------| ---------------------------|
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| 0x0E | LoRa | RegFifoTxBaseAddr | REG.LORA.FIFO_TX_BASE_ADDR |
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| 0x0E | FSK | RegRssiCOnfig | REG.FSK.RSSI_CONFIG |
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| 0x1D | LoRa | RegModemConfig1 | REG.LORA.MODEM_CONFIG_1 |
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| etc. | | | |
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### Hardware
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Hardware related definition and initialisation are located in `SX127x.board_config.BOARD`.
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If you use a SBC other than the Raspberry Pi you'll have to adapt the BOARD class.
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# Script references
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### Continuous receiver `rx_cont.py`
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The SX127x is put in RXCONT mode and continuously waits for transmissions. Upon a successful read the
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payload and the irq flags are printed to screen.
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```
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usage: rx_cont.py [-h] [--ocp OCP] [--sf SF] [--freq FREQ] [--bw BW]
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[--cr CODING_RATE] [--preamble PREAMBLE]
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Continous LoRa receiver
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optional arguments:
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-h, --help show this help message and exit
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--ocp OCP, -c OCP Over current protection in mA (45 .. 240 mA)
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--sf SF, -s SF Spreading factor (6...12). Default is 7.
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--freq FREQ, -f FREQ Frequency
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--bw BW, -b BW Bandwidth (one of BW7_8 BW10_4 BW15_6 BW20_8 BW31_25
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BW41_7 BW62_5 BW125 BW250 BW500). Default is BW125.
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--cr CODING_RATE, -r CODING_RATE
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Coding rate (one of CR4_5 CR4_6 CR4_7 CR4_8). Default
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is CR4_5.
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--preamble PREAMBLE, -p PREAMBLE
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Preamble length. Default is 8.
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```
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### Simple LoRa beacon `tx_beacon.py`
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A small payload is transmitted in regular intervals.
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```
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usage: tx_beacon.py [-h] [--ocp OCP] [--sf SF] [--freq FREQ] [--bw BW]
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[--cr CODING_RATE] [--preamble PREAMBLE] [--single]
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[--wait WAIT]
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A simple LoRa beacon
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optional arguments:
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-h, --help show this help message and exit
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--ocp OCP, -c OCP Over current protection in mA (45 .. 240 mA)
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--sf SF, -s SF Spreading factor (6...12). Default is 7.
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--freq FREQ, -f FREQ Frequency
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--bw BW, -b BW Bandwidth (one of BW7_8 BW10_4 BW15_6 BW20_8 BW31_25
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BW41_7 BW62_5 BW125 BW250 BW500). Default is BW125.
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--cr CODING_RATE, -r CODING_RATE
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Coding rate (one of CR4_5 CR4_6 CR4_7 CR4_8). Default
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is CR4_5.
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--preamble PREAMBLE, -p PREAMBLE
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Preamble length. Default is 8.
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--single, -S Single transmission
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--wait WAIT, -w WAIT Waiting time between transmissions (default is 0s)
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```
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# Tests
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Execute `test_lora.py` to run a few unit tests.
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# Contributors
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Please feel free to comment, report issues, or contribute!
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Contact me via my company website [Mayer Analytics](http://mayeranalytics.com) and my private blog
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[mcmayer.net](http://mcmayer.net).
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Follow me on twitter [@markuscmayer](https://twitter.com/markuscmayer) and
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[@mayeranalytics](https://twitter.com/mayeranalytics).
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# Roadmap
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95% of functions for the Sx127x LoRa capabilities are implemented. Functions will be added when necessary.
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The test coverage is rather low but we intend to change that soon.
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### Semtech SX1272/3 vs. SX1276/7/8/9
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**pySX127x** is not entirely compatible with the 1272.
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The 1276 and 1272 chips are different and the interfaces not 100% identical. For example registers 0x26/27.
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But the pySX127x library should get you pretty far if you use it with care. Here are the two datasheets:
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* [Semtech - SX1276/77/78/79 - 137 MHz to 1020 MHz Low Power Long Range Transceiver](http://www.semtech.com/images/datasheet/sx1276_77_78_79.pdf)
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* [Semtech SX1272/73 - 860 MHz to 1020 MHz Low Power Long Range Transceiver](http://www.semtech.com/images/datasheet/sx1272.pdf)
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### HopeRF transceiver ICs ###
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HopeRF has a family of LoRa capable transceiver chips [RFM92/95/96/98](http://www.hoperf.com/)
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that have identical or almost identical SPI interface as the Semtech SX1276/7/8/9 family.
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### Microchip transceiver IC ###
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Likewise Microchip has the chip [RN2483](http://ww1.microchip.com/downloads/en/DeviceDoc/50002346A.pdf)
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The [pySX127x](https://github.com/mayeranalytics/pySX127x) project will therefore be renamed to pyLoRa at some point.
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# LoRaWAN
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LoRaWAN is a LPWAN (low power WAN) and, and **pySX127x** has almost no relationship with LoRaWAN. Here we only deal with the interface into the chip(s) that enable the physical layer of LoRaWAN networks. If you need a LoRaWAN implementation have a look at [Jeroennijhof](https://github.com/jeroennijhof)s [LoRaWAN](https://github.com/jeroennijhof/LoRaWAN) which is based on pySX127x.
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By the way, LoRaWAN is what you need when you want to talk to the [TheThingsNetwork](https://www.thethingsnetwork.org/), a "global open LoRaWAN network". The site has a lot of information and links to products and projects.
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# References
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### Hardware references
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* [Semtech SX1276/77/78/79 - 137 MHz to 1020 MHz Low Power Long Range Transceiver](http://www.semtech.com/images/datasheet/sx1276_77_78_79.pdf)
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* [Modtronix inAir9](http://modtronix.com/inair9.html)
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* [Spidev Documentation](http://tightdev.net/SpiDev_Doc.pdf)
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* [Make: Tutorial: Raspberry Pi GPIO Pins and Python](http://makezine.com/projects/tutorial-raspberry-pi-gpio-pins-and-python/)
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### LoRa performance tests
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* [Extreme Range Links: LoRa 868 / 900MHz SX1272 LoRa module for Arduino, Raspberry Pi and Intel Galileo](https://www.cooking-hacks.com/documentation/tutorials/extreme-range-lora-sx1272-module-shield-arduino-raspberry-pi-intel-galileo/)
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* [UK LoRa versus FSK - 40km LoS (Line of Sight) test!](http://www.instructables.com/id/Introducing-LoRa-/step17/Other-region-tests/)
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* [Andreas Spiess LoRaWAN World Record Attempt](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=adhWIo-7gr4)
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### Spread spectrum modulation theory
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* [An Introduction to Spread Spectrum Techniques](http://www.ausairpower.net/OSR-0597.html)
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* [Theory of Spread-Spectrum Communications-A Tutorial](http://www.fer.unizg.hr/_download/repository/Theory%20of%20Spread-Spectrum%20Communications-A%20Tutorial.pdf)
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(technical paper)
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# Copyright and License
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© 2015 Mayer Analytics Ltd., All Rights Reserved.
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### Short version
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The license is [GNU AGPL](http://www.gnu.org/licenses/agpl-3.0.en.html).
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### Long version
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pySX127x is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of the
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GNU Affero General Public License as published by the Free Software Foundation,
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either version 3 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
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pySX127x is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
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but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
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MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.
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See the GNU Affero General Public License for more details.
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You can be released from the requirements of the license by obtaining a commercial license.
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Such a license is mandatory as soon as you develop commercial activities involving
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pySX127x without disclosing the source code of your own applications, or shipping pySX127x with a closed source product.
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You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
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along with pySX127. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
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# Other legal boredom
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LoRa, LoRaWAN, LoRa Alliance are all trademarks by ... someone.
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